|
Chlorine
Dioxide
(ClO2)
|
Sodium
Hypochlorite/
Calcium Hypchlorite
|
Ozone
|
Phenol
|
|
Efficacy
|
High
|
Modelate
|
High
|
High
|
|
Microbial Range
|
Broad spectrum effective against all bacteria, viruses, mold, fungi, and algae, including spore-formers like Giardia and Cryptosporidium
|
Relatively ineffective
against most
viruses, molds, fungi
and spore-formers
|
Broad spectrum effective against all types of microorganisms, including spore-forming types
|
Effective against most microorganisms except certain spore-formers such as Giardia
|
|
Contact Time
|
Few seconds to few minutes
|
Usually minutes to
hours
|
Seconds to minutes
|
Minutes to an hour or more depending on target organism
|
Concen-tration
|
0.1 ppm - 100 ppm
|
1000 ppm to %
range
|
0.1 ppm - 10 pp
|
100 ppm to % range
|
|
pH
|
Neutral
|
Alkaline
|
Neutral
|
Mildly acidic to neutral
|
|
Corrosiveness
|
Negligible at use concentration
|
Corrosive to iron
and aluminum
products
|
May be marginally corrosive to iron and some grades of stainless steel at higher concentrations
|
Higher concentrations tend to be more acidic and cause corrosion to iron and certain grades of stainless steel
|
|
Toxicity
|
Negligible at use concentration. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations can produce skin and respiratory irritation
|
Alkaline
compounded
products are highly
corrosive to tissues.
They may produce
chlorinated by-
products such as
chloroform, etc
|
Probably negligible at use concentrations
|
Extremely toxic. Chronic exposure can lead to kidney, liver and neurological damage. Highly regulated by OSHA
|
Bio-degradable
|
High for reactive chemicals and typical byproducts
|
Moderate for bleach
itself. Low for
chlorinated by-
products
|
High
|
Relatively low
|
Other Applications
|
Drinking and wastewater disinfection, deodorization and chemical oxidation
|
Deodorizer and
wastewater
treatment.
Restricted
applications in
drinking water
sanitation
|
Primarily used for drinking water and wastewater disinfection with some chemical oxidation applications
|
Use limited to surface sanitizers and as an active ingredient in sanitizer lubricant formulations
|
|
Cost
|
Moderate
|
Low
|
Very high
|
Moderately high
|
Other Comments
|
Does not form chlorinated by-products, e.g. chloroform, chlorophenois, or trichloromethane
|
Shelf life and
stability are poor.
Odor and
baleaching effects
can be a problem
|
Powerful chemical oxidant and biocide. Highly reactive, affording no residual protection
|
Phenol is also a Class 1 RCRA hazardous waste which must be disposed of by incineration
|
